Diplomacy is predominantly a territory reserved for men but as early as the Middle Ages, women were actively intervening in it. This is especially true of the governing personas. Bulgarian female rulers were no exception. There are many known attempts made by them to actively take part in the formation of alliances, entering into agreements and other aspects of international relations. The sources also provide evidence of the ambitions of some of Bulgarian queens to implement their personal diplomatic projects. The personalities that stand out in this respect are Maria Palaiologina and the so-called Smiltsena although their projects did not find their realization for one reason or another.